semantics: The Analysis of Implicature Types

1. CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE

Below are examples and analyses for each conversation in conversational implicature:


a) Diana : Will Jeni be at the meeting this morning?
    Rosa : Her car broke down.

   What “Rosa” implicature : Sally will not be at the meeting.
   Reasoning : We know that when people’s car broke down, often they can not get to work or can not get there on time.


b) Sandy : Do you have lunch?
    Adi : I have many works now.

    What “Adi” implicature : Arman have not lunch yet.
    Reasoning : Adi’s answer is “I have many works now”. This statement shows that he is still busy, so he has not lunch yet.



c) Bunga : Your shoes are beautiful, where do you buy?
   Putri : I just went to the Singapore.

   What “putrid” implicature : I buy the shoes in the Singapore.
   Reasoning : we know that putri just went home to the Singapore, so it can be interpreted as she bought her shoes in the Singapore.

d) Johan : When did you go to Bali?
    Andi : Bali is very beautiful place for recreation.

    What “Andi” implicature : He had just gone from Bali
    Reasoning : Andi’s answer is distinct from Johan’s question. Andi’s answer shows that Andi know about Bali so it can be interpreted as he had just gone from bali.

e) Alan : Are you going to Paul's party?
    Barb : I have to work.

    What “Barb” implicature : Barb is not going to Paul’s party.
    Reasoning : Alan asks Barb what are you going to the Paul’s party, but Barb have to work, so Barb is not going to Paul’s party.



2. CONVENTIONAL IMPLICATURE

Below are examples and analyses for each sentence in conventional implicature:

a) I eat some of the pie.
   Assertion : I eat pie.
   Implicature : the word “some” can be interpreted as “not all”. So for this statement is “I do not eat all of the pie”.

b) Dian managed to pass the test.
    Assertion : Dian passed the test
    Implicature : Dian tried hard to pass the test.

c) Some students came late to the class.
    Assertion : not all the students came late to the class.
    Implicature : It is not the case that most students came late to the class.
    It is not the case that every student came late to the class.

d) Rini is still smimming.
    Assertion : Rini is swimming.
    Implicature : Rini was swimming earlier.

e) Farhan is a baby, but he is quiet.
   Assertion : Farhan is a baby, and he is quiet.
   Implication : Babies are not usually quiet.

f) Fandi is an Englishman but cowardly.
   Assertion : Fandi is English and John is cowardly.
   Implication : Fandi's being cowardly is unexpected given his being an Englishman.