1. CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE
Below are examples and analyses for each conversation in conversational implicature:
a) Diana : Will Jeni be at the meeting this morning?
Rosa : Her car broke down.
What “Rosa” implicature : Sally will not be at the meeting.
Reasoning : We know that when people’s car broke down, often they can not get to work or can not get there on time.
b) Sandy : Do you have lunch?
Adi : I have many works now.
What “Adi” implicature : Arman have not lunch yet.
Reasoning : Adi’s answer is “I have many works now”. This statement shows that he is still busy, so he has not lunch yet.
semantics: The Analysis of Ambiguity Types
1. Semantic Ambiguity
1) Headline : I am shaking hands with my friends.
1) Headline : I am shaking hands with my friends.
- Ambiguity type: Semantic.
- Identification and explanation: the homograph “shake” can be interpreted as a noun meaning move quickly from side to side, up and down or take hand and move it up and down as a greeting. Likewise, the homograph “hand” can be interpreted as a noun meaning body parts.
- What makes headline humorous: the headline can easily be read as our hand moves quickly from side to side, we and down.
- Computational Resolution: The ambiguity could be resolved for a computer parser by specifying in the lexical entry for each item its semantic features.
SYNTAX : COMPLEMENT, SPECIFIER, ATTRIBUTE, AND ADJUNCT
A. COMPLEMENT
In Oxford Dictionary, complement is something that goes well with something else making it complete. In other word, complement is an element which is needed to complete the meaning of the head. In grammar the term complement is used with different meanings. The primary meaning is a word, phrase, or clause which is necessary in a sentence to complete its meaning.
For examples:
a. The news on the Gulf War.
b. Angry with his sister.
c. Read the text
On the Gulf War, with his sister, and the text are the complements if the heads news, angry, and read respectively. A piece of news always tells about something, and in that example, it tells about the Gulf War. When somebody is angry, he is angry either with somebody or at something. In the example b, the anger is directed to his sister. Similarly, when someone reads, he has an object to read. In the example c, the object of reading is the text. A complement can be said to be a thing or person to whom the an action or state is directed.
In Oxford Dictionary, complement is something that goes well with something else making it complete. In other word, complement is an element which is needed to complete the meaning of the head. In grammar the term complement is used with different meanings. The primary meaning is a word, phrase, or clause which is necessary in a sentence to complete its meaning.
For examples:
a. The news on the Gulf War.
b. Angry with his sister.
c. Read the text
On the Gulf War, with his sister, and the text are the complements if the heads news, angry, and read respectively. A piece of news always tells about something, and in that example, it tells about the Gulf War. When somebody is angry, he is angry either with somebody or at something. In the example b, the anger is directed to his sister. Similarly, when someone reads, he has an object to read. In the example c, the object of reading is the text. A complement can be said to be a thing or person to whom the an action or state is directed.
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