In phonology, minimal pairs are pairs of words or phrases in a particular language, which differ in only one phonological element, such as a phone, phoneme, toneme or chroneme and have a distinct meaning. They are used to demonstrate that two phones constitute two separate phonemes in the language.
As an example for English vowels, the pair "let" + "lit" can be used to demonstrate that the phones [ɛ] (in let) and [ɪ] (in lit) do in fact represent distinct phonemes /ɛ/ and /ɪ/. An example for English consonants is the minimal pair of "pat" + "bat". In phonetics, this pair, like any other, differs in number of ways. In this case, the contrast appears largely to be conveyed with a difference in the voice onset time of the initial consonant as the configuration of the mouth is same for [p] and [b]; however, there is also a possible difference in duration, which visual analysis using high quality video supports.
MORPHOLOGY
Morphology is the study of the forms of words, and the ways in which words are related to other words of the same language. It is about the rules for word formation in a language.
MORPHEME
Morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit. Many words have two or more syllables but only one morpheme.
Example:
• Banana. This word has 1 morpheme.
• Unbreakable. This word has 3 morphemes (un-break-able).
There are two basic types of morphemes:
1. Bound morpheme is a morpheme that must be attached to another element and cannot stand alone. They need suffix or affix to attach them.
Examples:
• Capitalism (capital-ism)
• Unforgettable(un-forget-able)
• Rewrite(re-write)
Two classes of bound morphemes:
a. Inflectional morphemes is to modify grammatical of word , changes in number, person, and tense but do not shift the base word. An inflectional morpheme creates a change in the function of the word.
Example:
The word "cats" from cat and adding "s". It is still noun, even though we added "s". It only changes from singular to plural noun.
b. Derivational morpheme is to modify a word according to its lexical and grammatical class. This type of morpheme changes the meaning of the word or the part of speech or both and often creates new words.
Example:
The word reading from the word read and suffix -ing. Read is verb and with suffix -ing , it become noun.
2. Free/ Unbound morpheme is a morpheme that can be a word by itself and can stand alone.
Examples: eat, big, hard, etc.
From those theories above, we can analyze those words which contain the morphemes.
ALLOMORPH
Allomorph is a variant form of a morpheme. The meaning remains the same, while the sound and in shape or pronunciation according to its condition of use can vary. The final morphemes in the following words are pronounced differently, but they all indicate plurality: dogs, cats, and horses.
MORPHEME
Morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit. Many words have two or more syllables but only one morpheme.
Example:
• Banana. This word has 1 morpheme.
• Unbreakable. This word has 3 morphemes (un-break-able).
There are two basic types of morphemes:
1. Bound morpheme is a morpheme that must be attached to another element and cannot stand alone. They need suffix or affix to attach them.
Examples:
• Capitalism (capital-ism)
• Unforgettable(un-forget-able)
• Rewrite(re-write)
Two classes of bound morphemes:
a. Inflectional morphemes is to modify grammatical of word , changes in number, person, and tense but do not shift the base word. An inflectional morpheme creates a change in the function of the word.
Example:
The word "cats" from cat and adding "s". It is still noun, even though we added "s". It only changes from singular to plural noun.
b. Derivational morpheme is to modify a word according to its lexical and grammatical class. This type of morpheme changes the meaning of the word or the part of speech or both and often creates new words.
Example:
The word reading from the word read and suffix -ing. Read is verb and with suffix -ing , it become noun.
2. Free/ Unbound morpheme is a morpheme that can be a word by itself and can stand alone.
Examples: eat, big, hard, etc.
From those theories above, we can analyze those words which contain the morphemes.
- Helpful
- This word has 2 morphemes (help-ful)
- Help is free morpheme and suffix -ful is bound morpheme.
- It is including the derivational morpheme because help is a verb and with suffix -ful it become adjective.
ALLOMORPH
Allomorph is a variant form of a morpheme. The meaning remains the same, while the sound and in shape or pronunciation according to its condition of use can vary. The final morphemes in the following words are pronounced differently, but they all indicate plurality: dogs, cats, and horses.
- English indefinite article has 2 allomorphs: a and an
- English plural has 3 allomorphs: cats, dogs, horses.
hidup itu seperti kupu-kupu ya...
Hidup ini begitu singkat.
Kita bagaikan ulat yang hampir menyelesaikan metamorfose untuk menjadi kupu kupu bersayap indah dan tiap pribadinya mempunyai sayap yang berbeda, beda bentuk dan warna.
Sesaat lagi kita akan terbang mengepakkan sayap tersebut ke arah tujuan yang berbeda.
Sesaat lagi kita akan terbang mengepakkan sayap tersebut ke arah tujuan yang berbeda.
Namun, kemana pun kita terbang nanti, ku harap kita akan selalu ingat sbt bersama menjadi ulat dan kepompong.
Meskipun menatap ke depan, masa lalu akan menjadi kenangan terindah bagi kita.
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